The potential association between ABO/Rh blood groups and diabetes mellitus (DM) susceptibility remains a topic of global epidemiological interest, with population-specific findings. This systematic review aims to synthesize and analyze all available evidence on the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among diabetic patients across all cities in Libya to determine any consistent national pattern or association. A systematic search was conducted for studies published between 2010 and 2024. Electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus) and Libyan journal archives were searched. Keywords included "ABO blood group," "Rhesus factor," "diabetes mellitus," "Libya," and specific city names. Observational studies reporting ABO/Rh frequencies in Libyan diabetic patients and controls were included. Data on study characteristics, blood group distribution, and odds ratios were extracted. Four studies from four major Libyan cities (Tripoli, Benghazi, Zliten, Zintan) met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 2,819 participants (1,919 diabetic patients and 900 controls). The pooled prevalence of blood group O was highest in both cases and controls. A meta-analysis of the pooled data revealed a significant association between blood group B and DM (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.24-1.86, p < 0.001). Studies from Tripoli and Benghazi individually reported this significant association, while studies from Zliten and Zintan did not. No significant association was found between Rh factor and DM risk (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.82-1.42, p = 0.59). This first systematic review from Libya indicates a potential national-level association between blood group B and an increased risk of diabetes mellitus. The lack of significance in two smaller studies highlights the need for larger, standardized, multi-center national research to confirm this finding and explore underlying genetic and environmental modifiers. The ABO blood group could be considered a modest genetic risk marker in the Libyan population.

Background: Hemophilia is a rare inherited bleeding disorder with significant public health implications. Limited epidemiological data are available on haemophilia in Libya, making evidence-based planning and care. Objective: To characterize hemophilia patients in Libya by examining their epidemiological, challenging clinical, and laboratory features, exploring correlations among demographic and clinical parameters, and providing an overview to improve care and analyze the frequency and patterns of bleeding disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on haemophilia patients in various regions of Libya, focusing on those registered with the Libyan Association for Hemophilia. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and laboratory records, covering demographics, haemophilia types, severity, coagulation deficiencies, antibody presence, bleeding patterns, family history, comorbidities, and treatment practices. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 230 patients were included. Most cases were concentrated in Tripoli (36.1%), followed by Zliten (8.3%), Benghazi (7%), and Al Khoms (5.2%). Haemophilia A was the most common type (67.8%), followed by haemophilia B (10.9%), von Willebrand disease (9.6%), and haemophilia C (3%). Factor VIII deficiency predominated (68.3%). Moderate severity was most frequent (50%), followed by severe (37%) and mild (13.5%) cases. Most patients were antibody-negative (80%). Joint bleeding was the most frequent site (36.5%). Kinship between parents was reported in 49.1% of cases, and 66.5% of participants reported relatives with haemophilia. Conclusion: This study highlights the predominance of haemophilia A and factor VIII deficiency in Libya, with a high proportion of moderate-to-severe cases. Joint bleeding remains the most frequent clinical complication, and consanguinity plays a considerable role in disease occurrence. Early diagnosis and targeted prevention strategies are needed to improve patient outcomes.

Abstract Patients on hemodialysis face a higher risk of viral hepatitis due to factors like frequent blood transfusions, prolonged vascular access, and exposure to infected patients and equipment. These issues pose significant challenges for healthcare systems, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HBV and HCV among hemodialysis patients in Zintan and Yefren, Libya. In this study, 87 serum specimens were collected from hemodialysis patients, 47 men and 40 women, between February and May 2024. The samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HCV antibodies using ELISA. Results showed a low prevalence; HBsAg was positive in 1.14% (1 out of 87), and anti-HCV antibodies were also detected in 1.14% (1 out of 87). While the low prevalence suggests a reduced risk in these facilities, further research on demographic and clinical risk factors is needed. In conclusion, the prevalence of HBV and HCV among hemodialysis patients in this region is reassuringly low, indicating effective management practices. Keywords: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hemodialysis, Zintan, Yefren, Libya

Abstract

Numerous studies have explored the potential connection between ABO blood groups and the risk of developing specific illnesses in the literature. This study aimed to examine the distribution of ABO blood and rhesus (Rh) groups among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center in Al-Zintan City, Libya. This cross-sectional study took place from October to December 2022, involving 144 blood samples (99 from diabetic patients and 45 from non-diabetic individuals aged 15 to 85 years). Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained from the Endocrinology and Diabetes Center in Al-Zintan, where all laboratory work and statistical analysis using SPSS were conducted. Of the diabetic patients, 46% were male and 53% were female. The test results showed no association between ABO and Rh blood groups in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Among diabetics, the O blood group was most prevalent at 49%, followed by A (34%), B (11%), and AB (5%). Rh+ was more common (n=88) than Rh- (n=11), with no significant difference (p=0.733). Gender distribution also showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The O blood group was more common in females (55.10%) than males (44.90%), and the B blood group was found more often in females (72.73%) than in males (27.27%). This research shows no significant relationship between ABO and Rh blood types and diabetes mellitus occurrence among patients at the endocrinology and diabetes center in Al-Zintan City. Blood group variations do not influence diabetes prevalence or characteristics in this population.

The information related to the effects of psychological stressors on the recovery of injured athletes is essential to discovering the problems the athletes face. The paper provides various information related to the impact of psychological stressors on the recovery of injured athletes from global publications. There are a total of 30 articles have been reviewed and summarized. There are also 50 references used to support the effects of psychological stressors on the recovery of injured athletes. The purpose of providing information related to psychological stressors’ impact on recovering injured papers is to show how athletes change their lives after recovering from the injuries and the effects of injuries. Many types of research conducted in the past have shown different research outcomes to measure the life of the athletes after recovering from the injury. Some studies showed that athletes continue to join the sports after being injured. Some research showed athletes stopped joining sports or changed their lifestyles after recovering from the injury. The stressors caused by the injury may result in fear and anxiety among most athletes. The psychological stressor symptoms will be discussed and reviewed in the paper to other research outcomes. At the end of the article, a common finding about psychological stressors toward the cognitive recovery of injured athletes will be shown. These common findings can reference other research on the same field of study.

ملخص هدفت هذه الدراسة و انحصرت المشكلة في معرفة كيفية تطبيق إدارة الجودة الشاملة داخل مستشفى الجامعة المحمدية التعليمي وكيف إدارة الجودة الشاملة تؤثر علي تحسين الخدمات الصحية في مستشفى الجامعة المحمدية و علي المعوقات التي تواجه تطبيق إدارة الجودة الشاملة في تحسين الخدمات الصحية في مستشفى الجامعة المحمدية و ما الحلول االستراتيجية الالزمة التطبيق إدارة الجودة الشاملة في تحسين الخدمات الصحية في مستشفى الجامعة المحمدية التعليمي. مجتمع وعينة الدراسة: عينة مختارة من اإلداريين ورؤساء األقسام في مستشفى الجامعة المحمدية في مدينة ماالنج – إندونيسيا. منهجية البحث: كانت باتباع أسلوب المنهج الوصفي وفي نوعه الوصفي الكيفي، وأدوات جمع البيانات هي المقابلة واالطالع على الوثائق، وفي تحليل البيانات اعتمد الباحث على أسلوب المنهج الوصفي التحليلي بخطوات محددة. وخرجت الدراسة بعدد من النتائج من أهمها: أ. المستشفى المبحوث يتولى أهمية لتطبيق مبادئ إدارة الجودة الشاملة داخل مستشفى الجامعة المحمدية. ب. لتركز على التحسين المستمر للخدمات من خالل مساهمة الموظفين والعاملين في خطط وأنشطة التحسين المستمر. ج. تؤثر إدارة الجودة الشاملة علي تحسين الخدمات الصحية في تشجيع اإلدارة العاملين على تقديم اقترحتهم بشكل أفضل في تحسين الخدمات الصحية داخل المستشفى وتنظيم برامج تدريبية داخل المستشفى. د. المعوقات هي قصور ثقافة إدارة الجودة الشاملة لدي الرؤساء والمرؤوسين وضعف تنفيذ البرامج التدريبية والدورات التوعوية داخل مستشفيي المحمدية. ه. االستراتيجية الالزمة هي العمل الجاد على نشر ثقافة تطبيق إدارة الجودة الشاملة والتوعية بمزاءيها بين جميع العاملين. وأوصت الدراسة: ضرورة إيمان اإلدارة العليا للمستشفى بأهمية تطبيق إدارة الجودة الشاملة، ونشر ثقافة الجودة على العاملين. واالستعانة بخبرات وكفاءات في إدارة الجودة الشاملة التحسين الخدمات داخل المؤسسة الصحية. اعتماد وعقد دورات تدريبة العاملين داخل المؤسسة وتأهليهم في مجال إدارة الجودة الشاملة، وتوفير بعثات لهم لي الخارج وهذا من اجل رفع الكفاءة اعتماد وعقد دورات تدريبة العاملين داخل المؤسسة وتأهليهم في مجال إدارة الجودة الشاملة، وتوفير بعثات لهم لي الخارج وهذا من اجل رفع الكفاءة. الكلمات المفتاحية: كيفية تطبيق إدارة الجودة الشاملة، تحسين الخدمات الصحية، المستشفى المحمدية التعليمي

Abstract: Garcinia mangostana L pericarp extract is known has active substances called

Xanthones which has strong antioxidant effects. This substance also has anti-inflammatory

and immunomodulation effects. However, the intercellular infection of Salmonella stimulates

macrophage to produce interleukin IL12 for enhancement of IFN-γ secretion. lFN γ, which

plays role for activates macrophage, acts as positive feedback in stimulating macrophages to

kill S. Typhimurium. Macrophages play role in the phagolysosome fusion process are

produced. This study aims to determine the effect of Crude Ethanolic Mangosteen Extract

(CEME) on IFN-γ and IL-12 secretion in mice infected with S. Typhimurium. This study

used 25 mice Balb/c. Mice divided into 5 groups consist of 5 mice in each group, including

positive control (mice were infected with S. Typhimurium), T0 (control with 40 mg/ml of

crude extract mangosteen pericarp without S. Typhimurium), T1, T2 and T3 (treatment with

20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml of crude extract mangosteen pericarp). Then, the mice

were necropsied and dissected to take the blood directly from the heart. Levels of IFN-γ and

IL-12 were analyzed using ELISA. Data were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA followed by

Post-Hoc test (LSD) to assess the comparison between groups. Results showed that CEME

increase serum IFN-γ and IL12 without infection. CEME increase serum IL12 in T1, T2and

T3 with a p-value 0,000. Other results showed decreases serum IFN-γ in T2 and T3 with a p￾value 0,000. CEME improve immune response through the increases serum IL-12 and

decreases serum IFN-γ in mice infected with S. Typhimurium.

Keywords : Extract, Garcinia mangostana, IFN- γ, IL-12, S. Typhimurium.